![]() ![]() Hoshu KATSURAGAWA (the seventh, Kunioki), a shogun's physician and Dutch scholar, and others appealed strongly to the Edo bakufu arguing that the publication of "Doeff Halma" was essential to the introduction of western technology, and prompted by the shock of the arrival of Matthew PERRY in 1853 the publication was finally approved in 1854. However, the Edo bakufu that disliked information on the West being circulated was reluctant to give approval to the publication of it for ordinary people. ![]() "Doeff Halma" was presented to the Edo bakufu through Nagasaki bugyo (magistrate), and it was also accommodated to several domains. Additionally because the large hoshogami (thick Japanese paper of the best quality) that was presented by Shigehide SHIMAZU was used in making a clean copy, the manuscript was expected to be very expensive. "Doeff Halma" placed more importance on spoken language than on literary language, and recorded a wide range of model sentences.īecause reproducing "Doeff Halma" was based only on the manuscript, not on the printing technique, the number of copies was small as nearly 33, and it contained more than 3,000 pages in total, so the dictionary was very valuable. The method for compiling a dictionary, as in "Halma Wage," included ignoring French parts in "A Dictionary of the Dutch and French Languages" (second edition, published in 1729), and placing a Japanese translation word by word with the original Dutch word arranged alphabetically to effectively create a form of dictionary. Subsequently the Dutch interpreters took over the duties of compilation, and the dictionary was accomplished in 1833. ![]() When Doeff went home in the following year, the compilation was completed for vocabulary entries from the alphabet A to T. At first he compiled it privately however, in response to the request from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) aimed at improving language ability of translators, Doeff started the full-scale compilation from 1816 in cooperation with 11 Dutch interpreters in Nagasaki including Sakusaburo Nakayama, Gonnosuke YOSHIO, Juro YAMAJI (or possibly Juro NISHIGI), Sukejuro ISHIBASHI and others. "Doeff-Halma" was believed to be written by Hendrik DOEFF, the curator of Dutch trading house whose stay in Dejima of Nagasaki was prolonged because his native country was under the rule of France, so that he could not go home. It was compiled on the basis of "A Dictionary of the Dutch and French Languages" by Francois HALMA as well as "Halma Wage" (also known as Edo Halma the first Dutch-Japanese dictionary published in Japan), and it contained about 50,000 words. Its common name was "Nagasaki Halma." It was sometimes called "Dofu Halma" as well. Doeff-Halma Dictionary (a Dutch-Japanese dictionary compiled in the late Edo period) ( ドゥーフ・ハルマ)ĭoeff-Halma Dictionary (also referred as Zufu Halma or Dufu Halma) was a Dutch-Japanese dictionary that was compiled in late Edo period. ![]()
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